5.15 Civil Religion

"a purley civil profession of faith of which the Sovereign should fis the articles, not exactly as religious dogmas, but as scoial sentiments without which a man cannot be a good citizen or a faithful subject"
The Social Contract by Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1762)

Extends ideas of patriotism and nationalism throughj the process of sanctification (a country blessed by God)

Element: Myths, Rituals, Ethics, Aethetics, Doctrines, Social Institutions


Example of American Myths:

1. Washington and His Cherry Tree - moral = better to tell the truth than to lie
   
2. Paul Revere
3. Stories of Thanksgiving
4. Betsey Ross
   

American Rituals:

1. Memorial Day
2. 4th of July
3. Thanksgiving
4. Columbus Day
   
5. Martin Luther King Day

Lecture on Ethics

Symbolic Architecture ex) church, hot dog stand, Independance Hall

• neoclassic represented democracy - Washington re-designed what democracy looked like in America
• Penn. is the birthplace of American constitution, Dec. of Indepen., etc...
  

5.10 JAPANESE GARDEN
(*missed 5.8*)

Niwa and sansui

• dry vs. wet
• strolling vs. viewing
• Tea Garden (Roji)

Wabi-sabi = "imperfect beauty"

• nothing is permanent or finished
• everything is constantly changing
• be careful not to use evolve which is very linear &/or getting better
• it's just different

Nature vs. Culture

Amida and Pure Land Paradise

Ryoanji and the Raked (Zen) Garden

• eastern world vs. western world = non formal vs formal
• japanese formal = asymetrical, flow in the natural world a bit more
  
• western formal = unnatural shapes

5.3 Chinese Landscape Painting and the Tao

Lao-Tzu (Laozi)

The Dao (the Book of The Way)

"everything flows"

• Wu Hua (Transformations)
• Wu Wei (Passive acceptance)

Prine An and Philosophical Taoism (2nd century ce)

• "be calm" and "go easy"

Feng Shui (geomancy)

• Feng - wind and abstract
• Shui - water and material

Positive energy (qi) and negative energy (sha)

"A painting takes meaning when it is infused with the breath (life force) of the painter and the painter's energy." (Hsieh Ho)

Song Dynasty (960 - 1279)

• Fan Kuan (late 10th century - Northern)
• Ma Yuan (early 13th century - Southern)

Six Laws of painting (Xie He - mid 6th century)

• spirit consonance and life movement
• structural strength in use of brush
• fidelity to object
• correct color
• proper placing and disposition
• transmission of ancient masters by copying

Li Cheng (10th Century)

• Solitary Temple Amid Clearing Peaks

Ma Yuan

• Landscape in the Rain
• Scholar Contemplating a tree

Dong Qichang

• Landscape in the manner of an Old Master (1611)

Guan Daosheng

• 10,000 Bamboo Poles in a Cloudy Mist (1308)

Wen Zhengming

• Cypress and Rock (15th Century)

5.1

Confuscious (Kung Fu-Tzu) - c 551-479 bce

• filial peity and family responsibility
• Book of Documents (Analects)
• the "Great Learning"
• Mandate of Heaven (T'ien Ming)
• "ren" - right order

*jade is considered a material of confusciousism
*it has strong spiritual significance

The Sian warriors near the Western Border of China

• Qin Dynasty
• remind of the reasons for the Great wall being built
• invasions coming out of W and moving to the E of China
• T'ang Dynasty came later
  

4.24 Buddhism

Prince Gautama Shakyamuni

Jataka

4 Truths:

1. Life is sorrowful (suffering)
2. Cause of sorrow is desire
3. Suppress desire to end sorrow
4. Follow 8 fold path to release
   
1. right speech
2. livelihood
3. action
4. effort
5. mindfulness
6. concentration
7. opinion
8. intention

Theravada (ascetic)

• earliest form of Buddhism
• Hinyana = the lesser vehicle
• spread through India ->Central Asia -> China
• Ming-Ti had a dream of the Buddha
  

Mahayana (= greater vehicle)

• most common form of buddhism
• meet the needs of everyday people
  

Bodhissatva

• individual that has attained the ability to become a Buddha
• acheived the ability to de-matieralize and enter Nirvana
  

4 "m's" for the path to enlightenment and release:

1. Mandala's (sacred diagrams)
2. Mantras (reitations/prayers)
3. Mudras (ritual gestures)
4. Meditation (rid mind of worldly froms)

Aniconic

Three forms of architecture

1. stupa (burial mound)
2. monastery (vihara)
3. chaitya ("place of worship") hall
   

4.19 India

• Oldest civilizations to study
• roots go back at least 5000 ya

Harappin civilizations

• type site name *unlike ancient Egypt, ancient China etc..* although there is a script the language has not yet been deciphered
• Mohenjo-Daro
• Siva Nataraja
• Vedic - the basic Hindu texts and Gods

Hindu India

1. Brahman - transcendent self (immaterial)
2. Atman - the infinite self (identity)
3. Rita - correct action or truth (order)
4. Veda - knowledge (Vedic period c 1500-500 bce)
   
1. texts that underlie all Hindu society
5. Upanishad - last of the Vedic texts written as parables treatises on the nature of the individual, the cosmos, and existence

Kama = desire
Karma = measure of one's existence through one's acts and every act produces an effect that must find fulfillment
Dharma = responsibility
Rasa - essence (nonmaterial)
Transmigration
Vishnu (Preserver),
Siva (Destroyer)
Brahman ( Creator)
Kandarya Mahadeva Temple in Khajuraho

• faces East (towards rising sun)
• temple a vehicle to help focus and concentrate on God
• no congregation in this temple
• 3D of a mandala

Standard for Indian temple architecture:

• Womb (light into darkness/ material to immaterial)
• Cult image (Siva Lingam)
• Bakti - devotion
• Puya - offerings
• Darsan - gazing

Kailasa (Siva) Temple at Ellora

• story of shaking of mountain
• shiva dancing
  

4.17 The Medieval Church (1000CE)

• dealt with millineumists
• beleived the end of the world
• God didn't take em because they weren't ready
  

Ramanesque - refers to the shape of the arch and considered modern

Abbey church of Vezelay (dedicated to St. Lazereth)

• Church of Sant- Marie- Madeleine (dedicated to Mary Magdelon)
  

Gothic - in reference to barberic


Cathedral

• Notre Dame de Chartres

Relic/Reliquary - sacred object
s

• see the development of the Virgin Mary
• there was no such thing as a finished cathedral, built on a "have money" basis
• a complete Gothic Cathedral is supposed to have 7 spires
• 7 is a ritually significant number
• carefully arranged geometrically