4.24 Buddhism

Prince Gautama Shakyamuni

Jataka

4 Truths:

1. Life is sorrowful (suffering)
2. Cause of sorrow is desire
3. Suppress desire to end sorrow
4. Follow 8 fold path to release
   
1. right speech
2. livelihood
3. action
4. effort
5. mindfulness
6. concentration
7. opinion
8. intention

Theravada (ascetic)

• earliest form of Buddhism
• Hinyana = the lesser vehicle
• spread through India ->Central Asia -> China
• Ming-Ti had a dream of the Buddha
  

Mahayana (= greater vehicle)

• most common form of buddhism
• meet the needs of everyday people
  

Bodhissatva

• individual that has attained the ability to become a Buddha
• acheived the ability to de-matieralize and enter Nirvana
  

4 "m's" for the path to enlightenment and release:

1. Mandala's (sacred diagrams)
2. Mantras (reitations/prayers)
3. Mudras (ritual gestures)
4. Meditation (rid mind of worldly froms)

Aniconic

Three forms of architecture

1. stupa (burial mound)
2. monastery (vihara)
3. chaitya ("place of worship") hall
   

4.19 India

• Oldest civilizations to study
• roots go back at least 5000 ya

Harappin civilizations

• type site name *unlike ancient Egypt, ancient China etc..* although there is a script the language has not yet been deciphered
• Mohenjo-Daro
• Siva Nataraja
• Vedic - the basic Hindu texts and Gods

Hindu India

1. Brahman - transcendent self (immaterial)
2. Atman - the infinite self (identity)
3. Rita - correct action or truth (order)
4. Veda - knowledge (Vedic period c 1500-500 bce)
   
1. texts that underlie all Hindu society
5. Upanishad - last of the Vedic texts written as parables treatises on the nature of the individual, the cosmos, and existence

Kama = desire
Karma = measure of one's existence through one's acts and every act produces an effect that must find fulfillment
Dharma = responsibility
Rasa - essence (nonmaterial)
Transmigration
Vishnu (Preserver),
Siva (Destroyer)
Brahman ( Creator)
Kandarya Mahadeva Temple in Khajuraho

• faces East (towards rising sun)
• temple a vehicle to help focus and concentrate on God
• no congregation in this temple
• 3D of a mandala

Standard for Indian temple architecture:

• Womb (light into darkness/ material to immaterial)
• Cult image (Siva Lingam)
• Bakti - devotion
• Puya - offerings
• Darsan - gazing

Kailasa (Siva) Temple at Ellora

• story of shaking of mountain
• shiva dancing
  

4.17 The Medieval Church (1000CE)

• dealt with millineumists
• beleived the end of the world
• God didn't take em because they weren't ready
  

Ramanesque - refers to the shape of the arch and considered modern

Abbey church of Vezelay (dedicated to St. Lazereth)

• Church of Sant- Marie- Madeleine (dedicated to Mary Magdelon)
  

Gothic - in reference to barberic


Cathedral

• Notre Dame de Chartres

Relic/Reliquary - sacred object
s

• see the development of the Virgin Mary
• there was no such thing as a finished cathedral, built on a "have money" basis
• a complete Gothic Cathedral is supposed to have 7 spires
• 7 is a ritually significant number
• carefully arranged geometrically
  

4.12

symbols/ icons = memory jogging devices

• fish
• prime way of survival
• Jesus said he was going to make fishers of men
• A sign was hung above Jesus during crucifiction that read "Jesus Christ (the risen one) King of the Jews" = first letter of this sign *in Greek translates to FISH ->symbol therefor deals with the crucifiction of Christ
• a fish symbol meant = you'll be safe here
• fish + basket of bread

Language of Early Christianity spread beyond Jewish following

Statues/Idols were used traditionally as a way to connect with faith

• as demographics change -> images shifted
• visual language begins to spread
• statues of Christ began to be constructed
• Christians were defying the divinity fo the Emporor and considered treason

Feast of the Virgin
Feast of the Annunciation

typology -> foreshadowing

basilica = a court of law

• every emporer built a basillica to himself
• long and narrow
• side entrances
• semi-circular area on each side (apfe)
• open space in the center
  

4.10 TEMPLE MOUNT/NOBLE SANCTUARY

Temple of Solomon

Dome of the Rock ->Al-harem al-Sharif (Temple Mount)
al- baraq (the horse)
masjid -> a place of worship

all Agness Mosque




sacred sites

• place to find oneself
• a place of trade, commerce and politics
• 
  

4.5

6 Rabi I 1427 (April 5, 2006) (7 Nissan 5766)

Shahada: There is no God but Allah and Mohammed is his Prophet

Hajj - pilgrimmage

Mecca (Makkah) and Medinah

Bismallah - In the name of Allah, the merciful, the compassionate

Five Pillars of Faith (Islam was built around...)

1. Shahada - The Declaration of Faith
2. Salah- Prayer five times a day
3. Alms/Zakah - recognition of the poor, giving to poor
   
4. Fasting (Ramadan)
   
5. Hajj - tribut to Mecca, visit the Mosk and the Kabbah

Qu'ran and Hadith

Imam

• teacher
• leader
• community head
• issues related to faith and community

Ka'aba (in Mecca) = cube

• black stone in Ka'aba from Angel Gabriel
  

Shia (direct descent through Ali of Mohammed)

• same family line as Jesus, etc..
  

Sunni (by election from Mohammed's tribe)

Aspects of a Mosque:

1. Qibla - ibla (قبلة ) is an Arabic word referring to the direction that should be faced when a Muslim prays.
2. Muqarnas - It usually consists of three-dimensional wedge forms that are combined into intricate designs to create honeycomb patterns on walls, vaults, and domes.
3. Mihrab - The alcove (indentation) in a side of the mosque that points in the direction of Mecca
4. Minaret - Tower associated with the Mosque

Prayer Rug --->

check out this for a real definition for a Mosque

4.3 From the Temple to the Synagogue

Dates:

1. First Temple ca. 950 BCE (des 587 BCE)
2. Second Temple ca 535 BCE (Expansion of #2 - ca. 40BCE)
3. Destruction 70 CE

a Temple without Idols - aniconic

Synagogues

1. as a Bet Midrash (House of Study)
2. as a Bet Haknesset (House of Gathering)
3. Dura Europos (destroyed 256 CE)

Torah (5 books of Moses)

Bima and Ark